The four significant climatic parameters that a building has to coorporate with are:
- HEAT. Temperature plays vital role in thermal comfort. It is very important to achieve balance between the temperature difference that can occur outdoors and as a consiquence will affect the indoor climate. Additionally, temperature is always affected by the humidity and the air movent, so those three parameters should be always combined.
- HUMIDITY. The protection of rain or snowfall (which are the forms that humidity can be met outdoors) is necessary in design.
- WIND. This parameter can have both negative (in winter) and possitive (in summer) effects on a building. While in winter it might be faced as something to be avoid, in summer it might be necessary for cooling. The orientation will help in minimizing the negatives and maximizing the positives.
- LIGHT. It is vital for comfort and well-being. There are variable amounts of light that a space requires acoording to its use. Light can also contribute to thermal comfort when it is used as a heating source.
Building envelope is considered as the third skin. It is what controls how the external climatic conditions will affect the interior and as a result for that reason it can define the comfort levels of a space. It has a double function: protection and utilisation. It must protect its users from extreme climatic condiotions but it is also its responsibility to capture and use whatever can enhance the comfort.
Exactly as the body skin, the building envelope can exchange heat with its surroundings by conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation.
Thermal mass plays vital role in the building's heat control.
- Conduction takes place through the exterior walls and the roof and so insulation is very important in controlling it. (thicknees and u-value descibe an isnulating material)
- Convection is depended on the air movements around the envelope, which can remove the heat.
- Radiation is described by the emittance and the absorptance of the surfaces that are involved.
- Evaporation can be used for cooling, as exactly the example of a sweated skin.
Thermal mass plays vital role in the building's heat control.
The use of thermal mass A TENT CLIMATE - In this case the materials of the facades are light and thin with low insulation and this makes the indoor climate directly depended on the exterior.(like glass or plastic materials) B CABIN CLIMATE - In this case the thickness of the facades is increased. They connection between indoor and outdoor still exists but there is a time delay in the indoor changes. C STONE HOUSE CLIMATE - When the thickness is increased even more (like uninsulated stone, brick or concrete) D CAVE CLIMATE - Almost stable indoor climate using very large mass. (for examble buildings built into the ground) - (Dahl T, 2010)
Zone division can be used according to the activity that takes place in an indoor space and also depending to the season. Different temperatures and atmoshperes can be achieved with this way in the same building.
Humidity can reach the interior of buildings in various ways, so it is important to have an adequate air renewal system which will reduce humidity levels.
Design princibles in relation to humidity (Dahl T., 2008)
Design princibles in relation to humidity (Dahl T., 2008)
- Layer-divided facades to be constraucted without cold bridges - as layers of clothing
- Internal surfaces and joints must be airtigh
- Greates vapour pressure resistant on the inside - decreasing vapour pressure resistance outwards
- Ventilated cavity between insulation and external cladding
- Rain shield with proper water drainage
- Extrernal joints to be completed as two-step joints with pressure-equalized cavity
- Water-draining flashing around facade apertures
- Condensation-insulated perforations of climate screen
The three primary purposes of natural ventilation (Dahl T., 2008)
Achieving natural ventilation during the cold winter might be difficult, in contrast to summer or sping.
- To ensure the supply of clean, fresh air - in an amount that is sufficient and which can be controlled
- To ensure indoor climatic quality, comfort and well-being - excess heat, air humidity and polluted air are removed by means od adjustable ventilation
- To cool the building and its stored thermla mass (e.g. through night cooling or air-conditioning)
Achieving natural ventilation during the cold winter might be difficult, in contrast to summer or sping.
Intensity of light depends on
There are three types of light that need to be considered
- tha altitude of the sun
- the weather conditions
There are three types of light that need to be considered
- sunlight
- skylight
- reflected light
Window design is very important for lighting
REFERENCES
Dahl T, 2010, Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge
IMAGES
[1] Dahl T, 2010. Climate Themes. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.55.
[2] Dahl T, 2010. The three skins. [Image] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.58.
[3] Dahl T, 2010. The building's heat balance. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.60.
[4] Dahl T, 2010. Zone divided dwelling. [Image] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.69.
[5] Dahl T, 2010. Water vapour diagram (Mollier diagram). [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.82.
[6] Dahl T, 2010. Water vapour pressure. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.83.
[7] Dahl T, 2010. Principles for natural ventilation. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.100.
[8] Dahl T, 2010. Light types. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.119.
Dahl T, 2010, Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge
IMAGES
[1] Dahl T, 2010. Climate Themes. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.55.
[2] Dahl T, 2010. The three skins. [Image] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.58.
[3] Dahl T, 2010. The building's heat balance. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.60.
[4] Dahl T, 2010. Zone divided dwelling. [Image] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.69.
[5] Dahl T, 2010. Water vapour diagram (Mollier diagram). [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.82.
[6] Dahl T, 2010. Water vapour pressure. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.83.
[7] Dahl T, 2010. Principles for natural ventilation. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.100.
[8] Dahl T, 2010. Light types. [Diagram] In: Climate and Architecture. Oxon: Routledge, p.119.